Politics of Jugland
Since 2004, Jugland is a special administrative region within the Unitary State of Mktvartvelo. The Free Autonomous Territory of Jugland has its own government and parliament. Mktvartvelo's government has not right to veto legislation passed by Jugland's parliament or government, although any law passed by Jugland's parliament may be reviewed by Mktvartvelo's Supreme Court may rule Juglander legislation unconstitutional and immediately suspend such legislation, without right to appeal by Juglander authorities.
The Free Autonomous Territory of Jugland has its own administrative divisions and electoral law, which differ from Mktvartvelo's. Many electoral and suffrage restrictions in Mktvartvelo's legislation do not exist in Jugland. Since 2010, despite some shortcomings, Jugland has consistently scored higher than the rest of Mktvartvelo in most international democratic index or rankings.
Unlike the Unitary State of Mktvartvelo, Jugland has not official or recognized state religion, and it has a stricter separation between state and church, with no restrictions on freedom of religion or speech.
Under Jugland's constitution, education is guaranted as a basic right, and there is no tuition fees for both state and private schools. The healthcare system, on the other hand, is organized under a government-run publicly funded universal healthcare system, which combines public and private healthcare providers.
The Free Autonomous Territory of Jugland has no armed forces, although it has its own law enforcement force, known as the State Guard. The Chairman of the State Guard is appointed by Jugland's Governorate, and he is under the authority of the Secretary for Civic Protection. However, the Chairman of the State Guard may be suspended or dismissed by Mktvartvelo's Ministry of Public Order and Security, if it considers that he has overreach on his functions or violate national legislation.
The State Governorate
The
State Governorate, sometimes simply called the
Governorate, is Jugland's government. It is composed by nine elected members -known as Secretaries-, and it hods the executive power over the Free Autonomous Territory of Jugland. Since 2010, Jugland's Governorate serves as a collective head of state. However, one of the Secretaries also serves as President of the Governorate, who carries the main function to represent the whole government in institutional meetings or events, or sign into law Governorate's decrees or legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly. Despite this, the President of the Governorate has no power above and beyond the other eight Secretaries. Usually, the most senior Secretary serves as President, while the Vice President of the Governorate is often the second or third most senior member of the government (as it has been established that the President and Vice President can not be from the same political party).
Besides their function as collective government, every Governorate's Secretary heads a Department, effectively operating as the head of a ministry. However, Secretaries are not only responsible for their own department, but also for the business of their colleagues' departments, as well as for the conduct of the government as a whole. Every decision of the government must have been approved by consensus of all the members of the Governorate.
The Governorate officially operates as both an executive and legislative power, having the power to send back bills passed by the Legislative Assembly with their own proposed amends, or even veto legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly (this, however, can be overruled if 2/3 of the Legislative Assembly votes for the original bill in second vote). However, these powers are rarely used as most of the members of the Governorate are directly elected or the largest political parties are usually represented in the Governorate. Usually, the most senior member of the Governorate
The Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly is Jugland's unicameral parliament (although sharing some legislative powers with the State Governorate), which 101 members are elected for a 4-year term.
The members of the Legislative Assembly are officially known as "Member of the Parliament". If a MP from an individual constituency resigns or dies, a by-election is called (unless there are fewer than three months before the next election). If the seat of a MP from the party-based nationwide constituency is vacant, he is replaced by his or her substitute of the same political party for the rest of the term instead.
Elections
Jugland's Constitution establishes that electoral districts can not have more than 50,000 voters. The electoral law operates under a mixed system, including individual constituencies and a statewide party list under a proportional system. There are fewer restrictions on elections and campaigning than in the rest of Mktvartvelo, including the existance of parliamentary groups in the Legislative Assembly.
Elections in Jugland operate in four levels: election to mayor and the local government in each of Jugland's 18 districts; direct election for 7 of the 9 Governorate's Secretaries; election for candidates to the Legislative Assembly in individual constituencies (in two rounds); and election for candidates to the Legislative Assembly in the statewide party lists.
Six of the nine directly elected Secretaries of the Governorate are elected in special territorial districts (in which controversially districts outside Albrektberkg are heavily overrepresented, as while Albrektberg metropolitan area has more than 60% of Jugland's population, they only elect one of those other Secretaries). The other three Secretaries are elected by ethnic-based constituencies for the three largest ethnic groups in the country. However, the Legislative Assembly has the power to elect indirectly members of the Governorate until the next election in case there was a vacant Secretary.