MindarucinismArda Tuluva's Official State Philiosphy
Tai lamerlyë imlë, ávalyë i hyeren.
What you do not wish for yourself, do no do to others.
-Mindarúcina
Mindarucinism is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life. It is also the official state ideology of Arda Tuluva. Mindarucinism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Arda Tuluvan philosopher Mindarúcina (551–479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of the values of the Túrëanë dynasty golden age of several centuries before. In the Noldorë dynasty (207 BCE – 44 CE), Mindarucinism became the official ideology, while the emperors mixed it with the realist techniques of Legalism.
With particular emphasis on the importance of the family and social harmony, rather than on an otherworldly source of spiritual values, the core of Mindarucinism is humanistic. According to the concept of "the secular as sacred," Mindarucinism regards the ordinary activities of human life — and especially in human relationships as a manifestation of the sacred, because they are the expression of our moral nature (
amanë), which has a transcendent anchorage in Heaven (
Menel) and a proper respect for the spirits or gods (
Ainur). While Menel has some characteristics that overlap the category of deity, it is primarily an impersonal absolute principle. Mindarucinism focuses on the practical order that is given by a this-worldly awareness of the Menel. Mindarucinan liturgy led by Mindarucinan priests or "sages of rites" (
istyar situro) to worship the gods in public and ancestral Arda Tuluvan temples is preferred in various occasions.
The this-worldly concern of Mindarucinism rests on the belief that human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially self-cultivation and self-creation. Mindarucinan thought focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics. Some of the basic Mindarucinan ethical concepts and practices include
almë,
faila,
siturë, and
handë.
Almë ("benevolence" or "humaneness") is the essence of the human being which manifests as compassion. It is the virtue-form of Heaven.
Faila is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good.
Siturë is a system of ritual norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act in everyday life according to the law of Heaven.
Handë is the ability to see what is right and fair, or the converse, in the behaviors exhibited by others. Mindarucinism holds one in contempt, either passively or actively, for failure to uphold the cardinal moral values of
almë and
faila.
Mindarucinan ethics are described as humanistic. This ethical philosophy can be practiced by all the members of a society. Mindarucinan ethics is characterized by the promotion of virtues, encompassed by the Five Constants, or
i Lempë Coloitiër, extrapolated by Mindarucinan scholars during the Noldorë Dynasty.
The Five Constants are:
Almë (benevolence, humaneness);
Faila (righteousness or justice);
Siturë (proper rite);
Handë (knowledge);
Alcaro (integrity).
These are accompanied by the classical
Manër (virtues), that singles out four virtues, one of which is included among the Five Constants:
Astar (loyalty);
Nessendil (filial piety);
Voruva (contingency);
Faila (righteousness).
There are still many other elements, such as
sónë (honesty),
amalda (kindness and forgiveness),
soina (honesty and cleanness),
navaitë (shame, judge and sense of right and wrong),
nolma (bravery),
linda (kind and gentle),
moica (good, kindhearted),
sorya (respectful, reverent),
vartelmë (frugal),
firyamë (modestly, self-effacing).
HumanenessAlmë is the Mindarucinan virtue denoting the good feeling a virtuous human experiences when being altruistic. It is exemplified by a normal adult's protective feelings for children. It is considered the essence of the human being, endowed by Heaven, and at the same time the means by which man can act according to the principle of Heaven (
héra Menelo) and become one with it.
Yánië Huanë, Mindarúcina's most outstanding student, once asked her master to describe the rules of
almë and Mindarúcina replied, "one should see nothing improper, hear nothing improper, say nothing improper, do nothing improper." Mindarúcina also defined
almë in the following way: "wishing to be established himself, seeks also to establish others; wishing to be enlarged himself, he seeks also to enlarge others."
Another meaning of rén
almë "not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself." Mindarúcina also said, "
almë is not far off; he who seeks it has already found it."
Almë is close to man and never leaves him.
Right RitesSiturë is a classical Arda Tuluvan word which finds its most extensive use in Mindarucinan and post-Mindarucinan Arda Tuluvan philosophy.
Siturë is variously translated as "rite" or "reason," when referring to the cosmic law, but when referring to its realization in the context of human individual and social behavior it has also been translated as "custom," "mores," and "rules," among other terms.
Siturë embodies the entire web of interaction between humanity, human objects, and nature. Mindarúcina includes in his discussions of
siturë such diverse topics as learning, tea drinking, titles, mourning, and governance. Súnarë cites "songs and laughter, weeping and lamentation... rice and millet, fish and meat... the wearing of ceremonial caps, embroidered robes, and patterned silks, or of fasting clothes and mourning clothes... spacious rooms and secluded halls, soft mats, couches and benches" as vital parts of the fabric of
siturë.
Mindarúcina envisioned proper government being guided by the principles of
siturë. Some Mindarucinans proposed the perfectibility of all human beings with learning
siturë as an important part of that process. Overall, Mindarucinans believe governments should place more emphasis on
siturë and rely much less on penal punishment when they govern.
LoyaltyAstar (loyalty) is particularly relevant for the social class to which most of Mindarúcina's students belonged, because the most important way for an ambitious young scholar to become a prominent official was to enter a ruler's civil service.
Mindarúcina himself did not propose that "might makes right," but rather that a superior should be obeyed because of his moral rectitude. In addition, loyalty does not mean subservience to authority. This is because reciprocity is demanded from the superior as well. As Mindarúcina stated "a prince should employ his minister according to the rules of propriety; ministers should serve their prince with faithfulness (loyalty)."
Similarly, Mensenë (predominant Mindarucinan philosopher and considered one of the Four Great Sages) also said that "when the prince regards his ministers as his hands and feet, his ministers regard their prince as their belly and heart; when he regards them as his dogs and horses, they regard him as another man; when he regards them as the ground or as grass, they regard him as a robber and an enemy." Moreover, Mensenë indicated that if the ruler is incompetent, he should be replaced. If the ruler is evil, then the people have the right to overthrow him. A good Mindarucinan is also expected to remonstrate with his superiors when necessary. At the same time, a proper Mindarucinan ruler should also accept his ministers' advice, as this will help him govern the realm better.
In later ages, however, emphasis was often placed more on the obligations of the ruled to the ruler, and less on the ruler's obligations to the ruled. Like filial piety, loyalty was often subverted by the autocratic regimes in Arda Tuluva. Nonetheless, throughout the ages, many Mindarucinans continued to fight against unrighteous superiors and rulers. Many of these Mindarucinans suffered and sometimes died because of their conviction and action. During the end of the Vildimë and begining of the Tercenë dynasties, prominent Mindarucinans of the time promoted individuality and independent thinking as a counterweight to subservience to authority. They strongly criticized the autocratic nature of the imperial system and wanted to keep imperial power in check.
Many Mindarucinans also realized that loyalty and filial piety have the potential of coming into conflict with one another. This can be true especially in times of social chaos, such as during the period of the Vildimë-Tercenë transition.
Filial PietyIn Mindarucinan philosophy, filial piety (
nessendil) is a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors. The Mindarucinan classic
Yáparmë Nessendilo or Classic of Filial Piety, thought to be written around the Nárë-Noldorë period, has historically been the authoritative source on the Mindarucinan tenet of
nessendil / "filial piety." The book, a conversation between Mindarúcina and his student Fëanáro Eletarinë (famed philosopher and one of the Four Sages), is about how to set up a good society using the principle of
nessendil (filial piety). The term can also be applied to general obedience, and is used in religious titles in Christian Churches, like "filial priest" or "filial vicar" for a cleric whose church is subordinate to a larger parish. Filial piety is central to Mindarucinan role ethics.
In more general terms, filial piety means to be good to one's parents; to take care of one's parents; to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also outside the home so as to bring a good name to one's parents and ancestors; to perform the duties of one's job well so as to obtain the material means to support parents as well as carry out sacrifices to the ancestors; not be rebellious; show love, respect and support; display courtesy; ensure heirs, uphold fraternity among brothers; wisely advise one's parents, including dissuading them from moral unrighteousness, for blindly following the parents' wishes is not considered to be
nessendil; display sorrow for their sickness and death; and carry out sacrifices after their death.
Filial piety is considered a key virtue in Arda Tuluvan culture, and it is the main concern of a large number of stories. One of the most famous collections of such stories is The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars. These stories depict how children exercised their filial piety in the past. While Arda Tuluva has always had a diversity of religious beliefs, filial piety has been common to almost all of them; historians call respect for the family the only element common to almost all Arda Tuluvan believers.
RelationshipsSocial harmony results in part from every individual knowing his or her place in the natural order, and playing his or her part well. When Duke of Emerië asked about government, by which he meant proper administration so as to bring social harmony, Mindarúcina replied:
There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son.
(Analects XII, 11, trans. Legge)
Particular duties arise from one's particular situation in relation to others. The individual stands simultaneously in several different relationships with different people: as a junior in relation to parents and elders, and as a senior in relation to younger siblings, students, and others. While juniors are considered in Mindarucinism to owe their seniors reverence, seniors also have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. The same is true with the husband and wife relationship where the husband needs to show benevolence towards his wife and the wife needs to respect the husband in return. This theme of mutuality still exists in Arda Tuluvan culture even to this day.
The Five Bonds are: ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder sibling to younger sibling, friend to friend. Specific duties were prescribed to each of the participants in these sets of relationships. Such duties are also extended to the dead, where the living stand as children to their deceased family. The only relationship where respect for elders isn't stressed was the friend to friend relationship, where mutual equal respect is emphasized instead. In all other relationships, high reverence is usually held for elders.
ArseldëThe
arseldë (Quenya: "noble child") is an Arda Tuluvan philosophical term often translated as "gentleman/lady" or "superior person" and employed by Mindarúcina in his works to describe the ideal person.
In Mindarucinism, the sage or wise is the ideal personality; however, it is very hard to become one of them. Mindarúcina created the model of
arseldë which can be achieved by any individual. There are many characteristics of the
arseldë: they can live in poverty, they doe more and speak less, they are loyal, obedient and knowledgeable. The
arseldë disciplines themselves.
Almë is fundamental to become an
arseldë.
As the potential leader of a nation, a child of the ruler is raised to have a superior ethical and moral position while gaining inner peace through their virtue. To Mindarúcina, the
arseldë sustained the functions of government and social stratification through their ethical values. Despite its literal meaning, any righteous person willing to improve themselves can become an
arseldë.
On the contrary, the
nerlaimë ("small or petty person") does not grasp the value of virtues and seeks only immediate gains. The petty person is egotistic and does not consider the consequences of their actions in the overall scheme of things. Should the ruler be surrounded by
nerlaimër as opposed to
arseldër, the ruler's governance and people will suffer due to their small-mindness. Examples of such
nerlaimë individuals can range from those who continually indulge in sensual and emotional pleasures all day to the politician who is interested merely in power and fame; neither sincerely aims for the long-term benefit of others.
The
arseldë enforces their rule over their subjects by acting virtuously themselves. It is thought that their pure virtue would lead others to follow their example. The ultimate goal is that the government behaves much like a family, the
arseldë being a beacon of filial piety.
Rectification of NamesMindarúcina believed that social disorder often stemmed from failure to perceive, understand, and deal with reality. Fundamentally, then, social disorder can stem from the failure to call things by their proper names, and his solution to this was
essérecarténa (literally: "term rectification"). He gave an explanation of
essérecarténa to one of his disciples.
Cementarinë said, "The vassal of Elenarin has been waiting for you, in order with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first thing to be done?"
The Master replied, "What is necessary to rectify names."
"So! indeed!" said Cementarinë. "You are wide off the mark! Why must there be such rectification?"
The Master said, "How uncultivated you are! The superior man (arseldë) cannot care about the everything, just as he cannot go to check all himself!
If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things.
If language be not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success.
When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and music do not flourish.
When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded.
When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot.
Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect."
(Analects XIII, 3)
Alasse Hyarmitar chapter (22) "On the Rectification of Names" claims the ancient sage-kings chose names that directly corresponded with actualities, but later generations confused terminology, coined new nomenclature, and thus could no longer distinguish right from wrong. Since social harmony is of utmost importance, without the proper rectification of names, society would essentially crumble and "undertakings [would] not [be] completed."
GovernanceTo govern by virtue, let us compare it to the North Star: it stays in its place, while the myriad stars wait upon it.
(Analects 2.1)
A key Mindarucinan concept is that in order to govern others one must first govern oneself according to the universal order. When actual, the king's personal virtue spreads beneficent influence throughout the kingdom. This idea is developed further in the Great Learning. The less the king does, the more gets done. By being the "calm center" around which the kingdom turns, the king allows everything to function smoothly and avoids having to tamper with the individual parts of the whole.
This idea may be traced back to the ancient shamanic beliefs of the king being the axle between the sky, human beings, and the Earth, reflected in the Arda Tuluvan idea of the Mandate of Heaven.
MeritocracyIn teaching, there should be no distinction of classes.
(Analects 15.39)
Although Mindarúcina claimed that he never invented anything but was only transmitting ancient knowledge (Analects 7.1), he did produce a number of new ideas. Such as the revolutionary idea of replacing nobility of blood with nobility of virtue.
arseldë, which originally signified the younger, non-inheriting, offspring of a noble, became, in Mindarúcina's work, an epithet.
A virtuous plebeian who cultivates his qualities can be a "gentleman," while a shameless son of the king is only a "small man." That he admitted students of different classes as disciples is a clear demonstration that he fought against the feudal structures that defined pre-imperial Arda Tuluvan society.
Another new idea, that of meritocracy, led to the introduction of the imperial examination system in Arda Tuluva. This system allowed anyone who passed an examination to become a government officer, a position which would bring wealth and honor to the whole family. The Arda Tuluvan imperial examination system started in the Helyanwë Dynasty. Over the following centuries the system grew until finally anyone who wished to become an official had to prove their worth by passing written government examinations. The practice of meritocracy still exists today in Arda Tuluva.